Subhash Chandra Bose

Subhash Chandra Bose
born , c. Jan. 23, 1897, Cuttack, Orissa, India
died Aug. 18, 1945, Taipei, Taiwan?

Quick Facts relating to Netaji
 Earlier Life of Subhash Chandra Bose-----The son of a wealthy and prominent Bengali lawyer, Bose studied at Presidency College, Calcutta (from which he was expelled in 1916 for nationalist activities), and the Scottish Churches College (graduating in 1919) and then was sent by his parents to the University of Cambridge in England to prepare for the Indian Civil Service. In 1920 he passed the civil-service examination, but in April 1921, after hearing of the nationalist turmoils in India, he resigned his candidacy and hurried back to India. Throughout his career, especially in its early stages, he was supported financially and emotionally by an elder brother, Sarat Chandra Bose (1889–1950), a wealthy Calcutta lawyer and Congress Party politician.
 Work by Netaji during 1920s-------Bose was advised by Gandhi to work under Chitta Ranjan Das, a politician in Bengal. There he became a youth educator, journalist, and commandant of the Bengal Congress volunteers. His activities led to his imprisonment in December 1921. In 1924 he was appointed chief executive officer of the corporation of Calcutta, with Das as mayor. Bose was soon after deported to Burma (Myanmar) because he was suspected of connections with secret revolutionary movements. Released in 1927, he returned to find Bengal Congress affairs in disarray after the death of Das.
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 Book he wrote---In enforced exile, he wrote The Indian Struggle, 1920–1934 and pleaded India's cause with European leaders.
 INC Presidency---In 1938 he was elected president of the Indian National Congress and formed a national planning committee, which formulated a policy of industrialization.
 Differences With Gandhiji---This did not harmonize with Gandhian economic thought, which clung to the spinning wheel as a symbol. Bose's vindication came in 1939, when he defeated a Gandhian rival for reelection. Nonetheless, the “rebel president” felt bound to resign because of the lack of Gandhi's support
 His Escape from house arrest----He founded the Forward Bloc, hoping to rally radical elements, but was again incarcerated in July 1940. His refusal to remain in prison at this critical period of India's history was expressed in a determination to fast to death, which frightened the British government into releasing him. On Jan. 26, 1941, though closely watched, he escaped from his Calcutta residence in disguise and, traveling via Kabul and Moscow, eventually reached Germany in April.
 Bose in Germany--------In Nazi Germany Bose came under the tutelage of a newly created Special Bureau for India, guided by Adam von Trott zu Solz. He and other Indians who had gathered in Berlin made regular broadcasts from the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio beginning in January 1942, speaking in English, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, and Pashtu.
 Bose in JAPAN--------A little more than a year after the Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia, Bose left Germany, traveling by German and Japanese submarines and plane, and arrived in May 1943 in Tokyo. On July 4 he assumed leadership of the Indian Independence Movement in East Asia and proceded, with Japanese aid and influence, to form a trained army of about 40,000 Indian men and women rounded up in Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia. On Oct. 21, 1943, Bose proclaimed the establishment of a provisional independent Indian government, and his so-called Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj), alongside Japanese troops, advanced to Rangoon (Yangôn) and thence overland into India, reaching Indian soil on March 18, 1944, and moving into Kohīma and the plains of Imphāl. In a stubborn battle, the mixed Indian and Japanese forces, lacking Japanese air support, were defeated and forced to retreat; the Indian National Army nevertheless for some time succeeded in maintaining its identity as a liberation army based in Burma and then Indochina. With the defeat of Japan, however, Bose's fortunes ended.
A few days after Japan's announced surrender in August 1945, Bose, fleeing Southeast Asia, reportedly died in a Japanese hospital in Taiwan as a result of burn injuries from a plane crash.



DO YOU KNOW

HUGH TOYE, THE SPRINGING TIGER: A STUDY OF A REVOLUTIONARY (1959);
H.N. PANDIT, NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE, FROM KABUL TO BATTLE OF IMPHAL (1988);
LEONARD A. GORDON, BROTHERS AGAINST THE RAJ: A BIOGRAPHY OF INDIAN NATIONALISTS SARAT AND SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE (1991).

Sarojini Naidu

Sarojini Naidu or Sarojini Chattopadhyaya (February 13, 1879, Hyderabad – March 2, 1949, Lucknow), also known by the sobriquet Bharatiya Kokila (The Nightingale of India), was a child prodigy, freedom fighter, and poet. Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh.

FACTS OF MAHATMA GANDHI!!!!!!!!

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Here is a brief summary of some of the major facts associated with Mahatma Gandhi. These facts highlight some of the major achievements of Mohandas Gandhi and provide valuable information on Mahatama Gandhi.
Birth: October 2, 1869
Death: January 30, 1948
Place of Birth: Porbandar, Gujarat
Father: Karamchand Gandhi
Mother: Putlibai
Wife: Katurbai
1888-1891: Studied law in London
1893: Sailed for South Africa
1906: Began Satyagraha campaign in South Africa to protest the requirement that Indians be fingerprinted and carry identification cards
1915: Returned to India from South Africa
1917: Initiated Champaran Satyagraha to alleviate the condition of indigo planters
1919: Instituted Satyagraha campaign in India to protest the Rowlatt Acts, which deprived all Indians of important civil liberties.
1922: Ended Non-Cooperation movement against British Raj after his followers were involved in a series of riots and disturbances that violated his policy of nonviolence
1930: Led Dandi March to collect salt in protest of the British salt tax.
1931: Signed a pact with Lord Irwin to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and went to London to attend Round Table Conference.
1932: Fasted to protest the treatment of people who belonged to no Hindu caste, the Harijans or Untouchables
1942: Launched Quit India Movement against British Raj.
January 30, 1948: Assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu extremist
Source--http://gleez.com/articles/information/facts-of-mahatma-gandhi

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Keshab Chandra Sen, Brahmo Samaj

Keshab Chandra Sen, Brahmo Samaj
Keshab Chandra Sen was one of the most popular and influential social reformer and religious leader in the nineteenth century in Bengal. He was born into a respectable Vaishnavite family of the Baidya caste in 1838 and received English education during his childhood. He worked for the Bank of Bengal during his early adulthood. Keshab Chandra Sen is considered responsible for bringing about a sea change in the dimension of the movement led by Brahmo Samaj in Bengal. He was also responsible for spreading the doctrines of Brahmo Samaj into many cities of South India. Keshab Chandra Sen joined the Brahmo Samaj by 1857 and became an active worker by 1859. He was an impressive speaker and his wonderful ability of explaining the Brahmo philosophy to the common people soon made him immensely popular among the younger members of Brahmo Samaj. He also became a close associate of Debendranath Tagore, who was leading Brahmo Samaj after the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Keshab Chandra Sen and some of his disciples founded the Sangat Sabhas (Believer`s Associations) in 1860s. The Sangat Sabhas were small discussion forums that used to meet weekly and discuss about various social and religious issues. However, the disciples of Keshab Chandra Sen in Brahmo Samaj soon started to build a sense of militancy and they abandoned the caste system and also rejected the sacred thread. They rejected to practise temperance as well. Keshab Chandra Sen`s followers were desirous of combining belief and action and soon they drove for social radicalism. The number of Keshab Chandra Sen`s followers increased significantly during the 1860s. Keshab Chandra Sen was more liberal in his views compared to the other leaders of Brahmo Samaj and he was an ardent supporter of inter-caste marriage and widow remarriage. He and his followers secretly celebrated an inter-caste marriage in 1862 and they sponsored another inter-caste marriage in 1864. This time they did it publicly and it was also a widow remarriage. This act shocked the more conservative and orthodox Brahmos and a conflict started to begin between Keshab Chandra Sen and the other Brahmos. The conflict between Sen and Debendranath Tagore was broadened in 1865, when Tagore allowed the Brahmos conducting services to wear their sacred threads. Sen objected this decision and withdrew from the Brahmo Samaj along with his followers. Keshab Chandra Sen and his disciples soon established the Brahmo Samaj of India on 15th November, 1866. With this, the first schism of Brahmo Samaj came into existence, as the loyal people to Tagore grouped themselves into the Adi (original) Brahmo Samaj. Keshab Chandra Sen went out for a long tour to Madras and Bombay and he successfully disseminated the doctrines of Brahmo Samaj there. The members of the English-educated elite in those two major cities were highly influenced with the speeches of Keshab Chandra Sen and soon Brahmo Samajes were established there. Keshab Chandra Sen emerged as a dramatic leader and appealed to the young Bengal Hindus to revolt against the contemporary religion. With his ability to impress people and encourage them, Keshab Chandra Sen soon expanded the network of Brahmo Samaj and total 65 branches of the Samaj were active by 1868 in the eastern section of Bengal. The Brahmo Samaj of India also had 24 missionaries, who were later organised as an `apostolic body of elders and teachers`, namely the Sri Durbar. The missionaries became successful to convince the villagers, who had not been influenced by English education or urban values. Keshab Chandra Sen went to England during the first half of 1870s and toured, lectured and met Queen Victories during his tour. After returning from England, he put on more emphasis in social action that was intended in restructuring the society and the customs of Bengal. He was instrumental behind the foundation of the Indian Reform Association, which operated with an objective of improving the life of the peasants. With the increasing popularity of Keshab Chandra Sen, his organisation spread in most parts of the subcontinent by 1872 and branches of the Brahmo Samaj were established in the places like Bihar, the United Provinces, Punjab, Assam, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, etc. The Samaj also spread its influence in the Southern and Western parts of India. There were about 101 Brahmo Samajes existed in India by 1872 and most of them were located outside Bengal. These organisations were being led and ideated by the Bengalis, who had gone there to find employment. Keshab Chandra Sen strongly demonstrated a new interest in strictly religious issues after 1875 and organised a seminar to study different religions and their prophets. He also argued against the proposal of Durga Mohan that women should be allowed to sit with their relatives during services at the Brahmo temple. Keshab Chandra Sen also began to propagate a new type of Brahmoism during 1875-76 and this Brahmoism included elements of ecstatic religious experience and Shaktism (the worship of female power). He met the famous Hindu religious leader, Ramakrishna Paramahansa during this time and it is thought that Ramkrishna had promoted Sen`s involvement in devotional worship. However, as a result of Sen`s inclination to devotional worship, many members of Brahmo Samaj disagreed to obey him as leader of the Samaj. This disagreement eventually led to another split in the Brahmo Samaj and the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was founded on 15th May, 1878. Keshab Chandra Sen continued his journey towards Bhakti and a universalistic religious ideology and he called upon his supporters to create a new religious revival in February, 1880. He also arranged for a procession through the streets of Calcutta to spread his message more effectively. He tried to synthesise the world`s religions and blend elements of different faiths into a single set of rituals and beliefs. Keshab Chandra Sen established the Nava Vidhan (New Dispensation) in January, 1881 and it was symbolised by a red banner that bore the name of his church plus the Hindu trident, the Christian cross and the Islamic crescent. He also introduced the Christian Eucharist, which substituted rice and water for bread and wine. Keshab Chandra Sen started publishing a newspaper named the New Dispensation in March 1881, to disseminate his ideas and philosophy in a better way. In 1884, the existing newspaper Brahma Dharma was replaced by the Nava Samhita (New Code). Keshab Chandra Sen died at a later half in the year 1884 and his movement also broke down quickly after his death. Keshab Chandra Sen`s ideology had many changes throughout his life and he gave emphasis on different issues in different times. Sometimes, he gave more emphasis on the religious issues and sometimes, he spoke more about the social changes. During the later half of his life, Keshab Chandra took up the role of a religious Guru and preached his own vision of religion. He had a highly charismatic personality and the religious path he took can be defined as new-Vaishnavism. Though, he was responsible for many splits in the Brahmo Samaj including the first schism, he was undoubtedly one of the most discussed and popular social reformers in Bengal during the British period. He also emerged as the key transitional figure in the history of socio-religious movements in India.

Dadabhai Naoroji

Dadabhai Naoroji Biography

Born: September 4, 1825
Died: June 30, 1917
Achievements: First Indian to become a professor of the college; instrumental in the establishment of the Indian National Congress; was President of the Indian National Congress thrice; the Congress' demand for swaraj (self-rule) was first expressed publicly by him in his presidential address in 1906

Dadabhai Naoroji is fondly called as the "Grand Old Man of India". He is viewed as the architect who laid the foundation of the Indian freedom struggle.

Dadabhai Naoroji was born in a poor Parsi family in Bombay on September 4, 1825. His father, Naoroji Palanji Dordi, died when Dadabhai Naoroji was only four years old. He was raised by her mother Maneckbai who despite being illiterate herself ensured that Dadabhai Naoroji got best English education possible. As a student Dada Bhai Naoroji was very good in Mathematics and English. He studied at Elphinstone Institution, Bombay and on completion of his education he was appointed the Head Native Assistant Master at the Elphinstone Institution. Dadabhai Naoroji became a professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Elphinstone Institution at the age of 27. He was the first Indian to become a professor of the college.

Dadabhai Nauroji entered the political fray in 1852. He strongly opposed the renewal of lease to the East India Company in 1853. He sent petitions to the English government in this regard. But the British government ignored his pleas and renewed the lease. Dadabhai Naoroji felt that the British misrule of India was because of ignorance of the Indian people. He set up the Gyan Prasarak Mandali (Society for Promotion of Knowledge) for the education of adult menfolk. He wrote several petitions to Governors and Viceroys regarding India's problems. Ultimately, he felt that the British people and the British Parliament must be made aware of India's plight. In 1855, at the age of 30 he sailed for England.

In England, Dadabhai Naoroji joined several learned societies, delivered many speeches and wrote articles on the plight of India. He founded the East Indian Association on December 1st, 1866. The association was comprised of high-ranking officers from India and people who had access to Members of the British Parliament. Dadabhai Naoroji was elected to the British Parliament in 1892 from Central Finsbury as the Liberal party candidate. He got a resolution passed in British Parliament for holding preliminary examinations for the I.C.S. in India and England simultaneously. He also got the Wiley Commission, the royal commission on India expenditure, to acknowledge the need for even distribution of administrative and military expenditure between India and England.

Dadabhai Naoroji was instrumental in the establishment of the Indian National Congress founded by A.O. Hume in 1885. Thrice he was elected to the post of the President of the Indian National Congress, in 1886, 1893 and in 1906. During his third term, he prevented a split between moderates and extremists in the party. The Congress' demand for swaraj (self-rule) was first expressed publicly by him in his presidential address in 1906. Dadabhai Naoroji believed in non-violent and constitutional methods of protest. He died at the age of 92 on June 30, 1917.