Mughal India and Delhi Sultanat

MUGHAL INDIA

• Mubarak Khan whose father was killed in the battle of Macchiwara killed Bairam Khan
• When Hemu captured Delhi Tardi Khan was the governor there
• The first mention of Tauhid i Ilahi was in Dabistan i Mazahib by Mohsin Fani
• Diwan i Tan was the official who was in charge of cash salary
• Increase in the sawar of the mansabdars during emergency was known as mashruta
• The reserved Armed force was known as Tabinan
• Total land revenue figures of a village was known as taqsimat
• Akbar reimposed Jeziyah in 1575 and revoked it in 1580
• Although the Kangra mission of Jahangir in 1620 was led by Vikramjit Baghela, a Hindu,Jahangir called it a Jihaad
• Khasrau was captured by Jahangir's forces at Bhairowal
• Jahangir punished Sufi saint Nizaam Thaneswari
• In 1543 Sher Shah organized a campaign against Multan to set it free from Biloch tribe
• Malik Jiwan a Baluchi leader betrayed Dara and helped Aurangzeb to capture him
• In 1668 Aurangzeb prohibited court dancing,1669 he ordered destruction of temples and in 1679, he imposed Jeziyah
• Shaikh Sarmad a Sufi saint and associate of Dara was punished by aurangzeb
• Peter Mundy gives a vivid account of the famine of 1630-32
• After returning from Deccan Aurangzeb was made the governor of Gujarat in 1644
• Shah Jahan's army met with Guru Hargovind's army at Kartarpur in 1631. There the guru's force was supported by Painda Khan
• Shah Jahan started giving land on contractual basis or the Ijara system
• Some books written by Guru Govind Singh- Nam Mela Puran,Shastar nam puran, Mangal Prakash,Akal ustat,Ukat Vilas,Krishna Avatar,Ram AvatarChandi charittar,Chandi di var,Pakhayama charittar.His autobiography was vaichittar nataka.His letters to Aurangzeb-Zafarnamah
• Mir Jumla was originally a minister of Abdullah Kutub Shah of Golkunda
• The Amins collected Jeziyah under Aurangzeb
• In 1654 Dara was conferred the title sultan buland iqbal
• Punishing Jujhair Singh Bundella was the first official assignment of Aurangzeb
• Jahan Ara wrote under the pen name Makhfi
• Tribute of the autonomous kings was known as peshkash
• Ashrafi was a gold coin
• Potugese brought tobacco in India in 16th century
• Shah rukhi was a silver coin
• Mir Fathulla Sirazi was a famous scientist
• Shah Jahan introduced the post of Amin
• Nahr i Bahist was the canal dug by Shah Jahan
• Amalguzars gave taqqavi loans
• Muqaddam and Patwari were the village headmen
• Capt Avery was a notorious pirate and his prized catch was Ganj i Swai, a ship of Aurangzeb
• Abdullah Sultan Puri was conferred the title Makhdum ul Mulk by Akbar
• Ibrahim Adil Shah wrote Kitaab i Nauras.He was popular as Abla baba and also Jagat Guru
• Maasir i Alamgiri written by Mustaid Khan
• Faizi translated Lilavati,Sarhandi translated Atharvaveda,Todarmal translated Bhagvata Puarana,Shahbandi translated Rajtarangini and Badaoni translated Ramayana
• Akbar gave Hari Vijay Suri the title Jagat Guru and Shah Jahan gave Jagannath the title Kavipriya
• Shalima Begum invented Rose itr
• Bishandas was sent to Persia by Jahangir to get a portrait of the ruler
• Man Kautahal was a collection of Man Singh of Gwalior's famous musical works
• Rajaram looted Akbar's tomb in 1688
• When Babur was ill some nobles wanted to install Mehdi Khwaja on the throne
• Guru Amar Das took vigorous steps to abolish sati
• Guru Hargovind built Akal Takht

DELHI SULTANAT

• Iltutmish belonged to the Ilbari tribe
• Nizam ul Mulk Junaidi came into prominence during Iltutmish
• Fakhruddin was the chief kotwal of Delhi under Balban
• Apart from Mohd Bin Tughlak Nasir udduin Mahmood too was a great caligraphist
• Imaduddiin conspired against Balban in 1353-54
• Balban separated army from civil administration and created arz i mamalik
• Hauz shamshi was built by Iltutmish
• Abdullah the grandson of Hlaku Khan invaded India during Jalaluddin Khalji
• Malik Qabul was the shuhna i mandi under Alauddin
• Ulugh Khan a mongol accepted Islam under Jalaluddin

• "Soveregntyis not conferred upon everyone but it is placed on the elect"-Mohd Bin Tughladk
• Amirana i sadbah revolted in Malwa, Gujaraat and lDaulatabad
• Mailik Ghazi Shahna wdas the chief aArchitect under Feroz
• Diwan i amirat was in charge of public works
• Amir Sirzi wrote Faulad ul faud
• In Nuh Sipihr Amir Khsrau showers praise on India
• Zia Naakshbandi translated Sukha Saptati to Tutinamah
• Dhrupad was Indian in origin
• Ghuiyat ul Muniya by Malik Shamshuddin Abu Raja was the earliest Persian work on Indian music
• Niamatnamah was a book on cooking
• Adilabad and Jahapanah were built by Mohd Bin Tughlak
• Lodhis borrowed enamelled tiles from Persia
• Spindle was Indian in origin
• Dhenkili was a water lifting device
• Alauddin took the title Yamini Khilafat
• Bahlol Lodhi invaded Jaunpur in 1484
• Timur invaded India during Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlak
• Jalaluddin's original name was Mlik Firuz
• Alauddin Shah of Bengal started Satya Pir movement.He patronized Maladhar Basu who translated Bhagvat Purana into Bengali and wrote Srikrishnavijya
• Jainal Abedin borrowed paper making technology from Samarkand and he was the first sultan to abolish Jeziyah
• Sikander Shah was known as Aurangzeb of Kashmir
• In 1320 Mongol leader Dulucha invaded Kashmir
• Jainal Abedin patronized Jonaraja and Sivaraja
• Before Islam arrived Kashmir was a seat of Shaivism
• Malik Mohd Jaisi lived in Jaunpur
• Jainal Abedin built Jaina lake.He was known as Bud Shah
• Mahmud Beghara sacked Dwarka as it harbored pirates and he also captured Girnar and Champaner
• Ahmad Shah built Ahmedabad in 1414
• Zafar Khan founded Gujarat
• Ghiyasuddin Iyaz Khalji of Bengal transferred his capital to Lakhnauti from Devkot
• Kampilendra founded Gajapati dynasty
• Shungmung was a popular ruler of Assam

Vijaynagar Kingdom- points to remember

• Yusuf Adil Shah was killed by KrishnaDeva Raya(KDR) in the Battle of Kovilkonda
• KDR was known as Andhra Bhoja whereas Allasani Peddana was known as Andhra Kavita Pitamaha
• Tenali Rama who wrote Panduranga Mahamattya, adorned the court of KDR
• Tirumalamma was a famous poetess in the court of Achyuta Deva
• During Virupaksha II Orissa became a part of Vijaynagar empire for the first time
• Amuktamalyada written by KDR in Telegu was a book on polity
• Siddhya was the tax collected in cash
• Bukka sent an embassy to China(Ming dynasty).He adopted the title Vedamarga Pratisthapaka
  
• Besabaga was the sale of human.Nicolo Conti talks in detail about it
  
• Shalabhoga educational grant
• Devaraya II wrote Mahanataka Sudhanidhi in sanskrit.His court was visited by Abdur Razzak
  
• Battle of Talikota or the Battle Rakshasha Taggadi was fought on the bank of river Krishna
• Devaraya I included Turkish soldiers in his army.His court was visited by Nicolo Conti.
• The Military Dept was known as Khandachara and the revenue Dept as Athvane
• Nuniz came during KDR's rule
• Nikitin talks about the financial dualism prevailing in the country
• Pattanaswamy was the head of Traders' Associations
• Bhandarabadha was the crown land
• Lola Lakshmidhara wrote "Saraswati Vilasa"
• Rayasam was Royal decree
• Anegundi was the initial capital of Vijayngar empire
• KDR abolished marriage tax and patronised "Ashtadiggaja"
  
• Kalyanamandapa was the ornated pillar pavillions in the temples
• Barbers were exempted from professional taxes
• Harihara II captured Belgaum and Goa and attacked SriLanka after which he took the title"Maharajadhiraja"
• KDR gave permission to Albequerque to built a fort at Bhatkal
• Harihara and Bukka initially served under PrataprudraDeva II of Kakatiya dynasty
• Marava were the fishermen
• Srirangam inscription belongs to KDR

Notes on Indian History: Indus Valley Civilisation

FOUNDATION OF INDIAN CULTURE AND CIVILISATION

PRESHISTORY:

Three cultural stages

1) Paleolithic: (Old stone age) first stone tools (Fire)

2) Mesolithic: Hunting and food gathering

3) Neolithic: Man-made tools made by grinding and polishing, agriculture (Indus Valley)

4) Chalcolithic: Use of metals eg copper

PROTOHISTORY: Indus valley civilization belongs to Bronze Age also called Harappan civilization.

Indus valley period: 2400 to 1700 B.C.

Town planning:

* Grid system
* Klin Burnt Bricks
* Excellent underground drainage system

Important sites:

*Mohanjodara: Larkana (Sindh)
* Harappa: Montgomery (Punjab, Pak)
*Banawali: Hisar (Haryana)
* Dholavira: (Gujarat, Rann of Kachch)

Social condition:

Food: Barley and wheat
Garments: Cotton and wool
Pottery: Wheel turned
Metal: No iron
Utensils: Copper and Bronze
Entertainment: Dice playing, hunting

Economic Condition:
- Mainly agrarian
-No canal irrigation

Trade and commerce:- Barter trade

Script: Boustrophedon (pictographic): from right to left then left to right.

Seals: Soft stone called “Steatite”

Religion:
- ‘Primitive Animism’
- Linga and yoni
- Prototype of Shiva
- Pipal, Neem and Tulsi

Burials:
- Cremation
-Partial Burial
-Full Burial

Decline:
- Natural Causes
-Foreign invasion

Notes on Early Vedic Age

EARLY VEDIC AGE (1500- 1000B.C)
-Knew nothing about sea

Social Condition
- Semi nomadic and pastoral people
- Women equal to man
- Well established institution of marriage
- Division of class ‘ Aryan and Dasyu’

Staple crop: Barley and barley only (Yava)

Coins Unknown: Barter system was practiced.

War: Known as ‘Gavishthi’- in search of cows

‘Ayas”:- For copper and bronze
- No clear evidence of trade
- Knew Gold but not silver

Religion:- Primitive Animism
Indra: Greatest God- 259 Hymn in Rigveda, called ‘Purandara’ or Breaker of forts
Sindhu:- River par excellence for Aryans
Agni:- 200 hymns
Varuna:- Personified water “Ethically the highest”
Savitri:- A solar deity to whom the famous Gayatrimantra is attributed.
Male Gods dominated.

Rigveda: Presents the earliest specimen of Indo European language.

Aryans entered India through Khyber Pass.

Notes on INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT for Prelims

Drain of wealth theory:
R C Dutt: Economic history of India
Dadabhai Naoroji: Poverty and unbritish rule in India.

Drain of wealth refers to a portion of national product of India, which was not available for consumption of its people.

Revolt of 1857
Causes :
Economic: Heavy taxation, Zamindari and monopoly.
Political: Doctrine of lapse
Military: Religious interference of soldiers and low salary.

Centers of Revolt:
Delhi: Bhadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan
Kanpur: Nana Sahib, Tantiya Tope
Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal
Jhansi: Rani Laxmibai
Bareilly: Khan Bahadur Khan
Bihar: Kunwar Singh.

Who said what about 1857 revolt:
Disraeli (opposition leader): A national Revolt
V D Savarkar: First war of Independence

Causes of failure:
Lack of coordination
No ideology or vision
Sikhs, Marathas, Jat- opposed
Limited social base

Impact of Mutiny
Rule of East India company ended
-India transferred to British Crown
-A minister of British Government called Secretary of State was made responsible for Government of India.
-The British Governer General was given title of viceroy
-Doctrine of Lapse withdrawn.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy(1771-1833)
Established Brhama Samaj

Prarthna Sabha:
In 1867 by MG Ranade

Arya Samaj
Bombay in 1875 by Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Started Shuddhi Movement

Dayanand
-Earliest Neo-nationalist
-“Go back to Vedas”
-Wrote “Satyartha Prakash”

Ram Krishna Paramhans
Original name : Gadoidhar Chattopadhyay

Swami Vivekananda(63-02)
-Original name: Narendranath Dutta
-Attended Parliament of religions held at Chicago in 1893 and Published – Prabhudha Bharata in English and Udbodhana in Bengali.
-Founded “Ramakrishna Mission”

THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
First meeting organized by A.O Hume at Gokaldar Tejpal Sanskrit College on 28th Dec 1885 (Bombay). Its first president was W C Bannerjee.

-Gandhiji became the president in 1924 (Belgaum)
-S C Bose became the president in 1938 (Haripura) and 1939 (Tripuri)
-President during Quit India Movement 1940- Maulan Abul Kalam Azad (Ramgarh)
-J L Nehru became president for the first time in – 1929 (Lahore)

SWADESHI MOVEMENT
It began as an anti-partition agitationo in Bengal and Boycott was first suggested by KrishnaKumar Mitra in Sanjivni in 1905

Leaders Journals
Bipin Pal New India
Barinder Ghosh Yugantar
K K Mitra Sanjivani

Moderates and Extremists in Congress
Moderates- Pray, Petition.
Extremists- Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai.

-Tilak said “Swaraj is my birth right”
-He was the editor of Maratta ( English) and Kesri (Marathi)

Minto Morley Reforms(1909)
-Separate electorate for muslims.
-Elections introduced for the first time.

Home rule Movement
Tilak and Anni-Besant

Anni- Besant’s News Papers: “New India”, “Commonweal”,

History Notes for Prelims - Later Vedic Age

Later Vedic Age ( 1000-600 BC)
- Later Vedic Age- Also known as PGW (Painted Grey Ware)- Iron Age

- They knew two seas- The Arabian and the Indian Ocean

- Gandak was known as 'Sadanira'

- Position of Women Declined

- Earliest reference to four ashrams or four stages of life- found in 'Jabala Upanishad'

Eight Types of Marriages
1. Brahma: Marriage of a duly dowried girl to a man of the same verna.
2. Daiva: Father gives the daughter to the priest as a part of his fee.
3. Arsa: A Token bride price of a cow and a bull is given as dowry.
4. Prajapati: Marriage- without dowry and bride price.
5. Gandharva: By consent of two parties analogous to modern love marriage.
6. Asura: Marriage by Purchase
7. Rakshsa: Marriage by Capture
8. Paishacha: Seduction of a girl while asleep, mentally deranged or drunk.

Marriage on the Basis of Varna

1. Anuloma: Marriage of a man in his verna or below his verna
2. Pratiloma: Marriage of a girl or woman in lower rank than his own verna.

Polity: The term 'Rastra' First appeared in this period.
Economy: Rice is called 'Vrihi'
- Niksha, Satmana, Krsnala-were used as convenient units of values, but were not coins.

Four Types of Pottery

- Black and Red ware

- Black and Slipped ware

- Painted grey ware

- Red ware

Religion:

Prajapati ( the creator) comes to occupy supreme position.
- Rudra and Vishnu gained their position

Vedas: First three vedas are called "Trayi"-three fold knowledge.
Rigveda: Recited by Priest 'Hotri'-1028 Hyms (10 Mandals) -Atraya and Kaushitak Brahamns are attached to it.
Samveda: Receited by Priest 'Udgatri'- All the verses except 75 taken from Rigveda- Tandayam and Janmejaya Brahamns are attached to it.
Yajur Veda: Receited by 'Ardhyawahu'- Procedure for performance of sacrifice. Shatpath and Taitriya Brahamns are attached to it.
Athrva Veda: Magical Formulae

Brahamnas: Science of Sacrifice
Aranyaks: Forest Books: Meant for forest dwelling hermits
Upanishads

Vedangas

- Shiksha ( Phonetics)

- Kalpa ( Ritualistic Science)

- Jyotish ( Astronomy)

- Vyakarana ( Grammar)

- Nirukta ( Etymology)

- Chhanda (Metrics)

Nirukta from Yaksha is the oldest Indian Linguistic Text

Sutra:

Shranta Sutra: Large public sacrifices

Guhya Sutra: Birth, Naming, Marriages

Salva Sutra: Measurement

Upaveda:
- Aurveda

- Dhaurveda

- Gandharvaveda

- Shilpaveda

Rituals and Sacrifices

Rajasuya: Royal consecration, conferred supreme powers on him
Ashwamedha
Vajpaye: Race of horces (chariots)
Vritasyoma: to convert a Nishd into Arya

QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT key points

• Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942.
• By 1942, Indians were divided over World War II.
• At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, passed a resolution conditionally supporting the fight against fascism.
• After the onset of the war, only a group led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action. Bose organized the Indian National Army with the help of the Japanese, and, soliciting help from the Axis Powers.
• On July 14, 1942, the Indian National Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence from Britain.
• A prominent Congress national leader Chakravarti Rajgopalachari quit the Congress over this decision
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad were openly and enthusiastically in favor
• as were many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jaya Prakash Narayan.
• Smaller parties like the Communist Party of India and the Hindu Mahasabha opposed the call.
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah's opposition to movement
  
• Muslim League obtaining power in the Imperial provincial governments.
• On August 8, 1942 the Quit India Resolution was passed at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC).
• Gowalia Tank, Bombay, Gandhi told Indians to follow non-violent civil disobedience
• Due to the arrest of major leaders, a young and till then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on August 9 and hoisted the flag.
• Gandhi's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in a short space of months